qml.drawer.draw_mpl

draw_mpl(qnode, wire_order=None, show_all_wires=False, decimals=None, expansion_strategy=None, style=None, *, fig=None, **kwargs)

Draw a qnode with matplotlib

Parameters

qnode (QNode or Callable) – the input QNode/quantum function that is to be drawn.

Keyword Arguments

• wire_order (Sequence[Any]) – the order (from top to bottom) to print the wires of the circuit. If not provided, the wire order defaults to the device wires. If device wires are not available, the circuit wires are sorted if possible.

• show_all_wires (bool) – If True, all wires, including empty wires, are printed.

• decimals (int) – How many decimal points to include when formatting operation parameters. Default None will omit parameters from operation labels.

• style (str) – visual style of plot. Valid strings are {'black_white', 'black_white_dark', 'sketch', 'pennylane', 'pennylane_sketch', 'sketch_dark', 'solarized_light', 'solarized_dark', 'default'}. If no style is specified, the global style set with use_style() will be used, and the initial default is ‘black_white’. If you would like to use your environment’s current rcParams, set style to “rcParams”. Setting style does not modify matplotlib global plotting settings.

• fontsize (float or str) – fontsize for text. Valid strings are {'xx-small', 'x-small', 'small', 'medium', large', 'x-large', 'xx-large'}. Default is 14.

• wire_options (dict) – matplotlib formatting options for the wire lines

• label_options (dict) – matplotlib formatting options for the wire labels

• active_wire_notches (bool) – whether or not to add notches indicating active wires. Defaults to True.

• expansion_strategy (str) –

  The strategy to use when circuit expansions or decompositions are required.

  • gradient: The QNode will attempt to decompose the internal circuit such that all circuit operations are supported by the gradient method.

  • device: The QNode will attempt to decompose the internal circuit such that all circuit operations are natively supported by the device.

• fig (None or matplotlib.Figure) – Matplotlib figure to plot onto. If None, then create a new figure

Returns

A function that has the same argument signature as qnode. When called, the function will draw the QNode as a tuple of (matplotlib.figure.Figure, matplotlib.axes._axes.Axes)

Example:

dev = qml.device('lightning.qubit', wires=(0,1,2,3))

@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit(x, z):
    qml.QFT(wires=(0,1,2,3))
    qml.IsingXX(1.234, wires=(0,2))
    qml.Toffoli(wires=(0,1,2))
    mcm = qml.measure(1)
    mcm_out = qml.measure(2)
    qml.CSWAP(wires=(0,2,3))
    qml.RX(x, wires=0)
    qml.cond(mcm, qml.RY)(np.pi / 4, wires=3)
    qml.CRZ(z, wires=(3,0))
    return qml.expval(qml.Z(0)), qml.probs(op=mcm_out)


fig, ax = qml.draw_mpl(circuit)(1.2345,1.2345)
fig.show()

Usage Details

Decimals:

The keyword decimals controls how many decimal points to include when labelling the operations. The default value None omits parameters for brevity.

@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit2(x, y):
    qml.RX(x, wires=0)
    qml.Rot(*y, wires=0)
    return qml.expval(qml.Z(0))

fig, ax = qml.draw_mpl(circuit2, decimals=2)(1.23456, [1.2345,2.3456,3.456])
fig.show()

Wires:

The keywords wire_order and show_all_wires control the location of wires from top to bottom.

fig, ax = qml.draw_mpl(circuit, wire_order=[3,2,1,0])(1.2345,1.2345)
fig.show()

If a wire is in wire_order, but not in the tape, it will be omitted by default. Only by selecting show_all_wires=True will empty wires be displayed.

fig, ax = qml.draw_mpl(circuit, wire_order=["aux"], show_all_wires=True)(1.2345,1.2345)
fig.show()

Integration with matplotlib:

This function returns matplotlib figure and axes objects. Using these objects, users can perform further customization of the graphic.

fig, ax = qml.draw_mpl(circuit)(1.2345,1.2345)
fig.suptitle("My Circuit", fontsize="xx-large")

options = {'facecolor': "white", 'edgecolor': "#f57e7e", "linewidth": 6, "zorder": -1}
box1 = plt.Rectangle((-0.5, -0.5), width=3.0, height=4.0, **options)
ax.add_patch(box1)

ax.annotate("CSWAP", xy=(5, 2.5), xycoords='data', xytext=(5.8,1.5), textcoords='data',
            arrowprops={'facecolor': 'black'}, fontsize=14)

ax.annotate("classical control flow", xy=(3.5, 4.2), xycoords='data', xytext=(0.8,4.2),
            textcoords='data', arrowprops={'facecolor': 'blue'}, fontsize=14,
            va="center")
fig.show()

Formatting:

PennyLane has inbuilt styles for controlling the appearance of the circuit drawings. All available styles can be determined by evaluating qml.drawer.available_styles(). Any available string can then be passed via the kwarg style to change the settings for that plot. This will not affect style settings for subsequent matplotlib plots.

fig, ax = qml.draw_mpl(circuit, style='sketch')(1.2345,1.2345)
fig.show()

You can also control the appearance with matplotlib’s provided tools, see the matplotlib docs . For example, we can customize plt.rcParams. To use a customized appearance based on matplotlib’s plt.rcParams, qml.draw_mpl must be run with style="rcParams":

plt.rcParams['patch.facecolor'] = 'mistyrose'
plt.rcParams['patch.edgecolor'] = 'maroon'
plt.rcParams['text.color'] = 'maroon'
plt.rcParams['font.weight'] = 'bold'
plt.rcParams['patch.linewidth'] = 4
plt.rcParams['patch.force_edgecolor'] = True
plt.rcParams['lines.color'] = 'indigo'
plt.rcParams['lines.linewidth'] = 2
plt.rcParams['figure.facecolor'] = 'ghostwhite'

fig, ax = qml.draw_mpl(circuit, style="rcParams")(1.2345,1.2345)
fig.show()

The wires and wire labels can be manually formatted by passing in dictionaries of keyword-value pairs of matplotlib options. wire_options accepts options for lines, and label_options accepts text options.

fig, ax = qml.draw_mpl(circuit, wire_options={'color':'teal', 'linewidth': 5},
            label_options={'size': 20})(1.2345,1.2345)
fig.show()

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